The second point is that the strength of the inference, how confident we are in it, is quantitative. The more parts that are arranged, and the more intricately they interact, the stronger is our confidence in design. Now of course it is true that irreducible complexity is also a negative argument against evolution. In fact, irreducible complexity stands in the special position of being both a negative argument against evolution and a positive argument for design.
This makes for a real dichotomy, not a false one. The negative argument is that such interactive systems resist explanation by the tiny steps that a Darwinian path would be expected to take.
The positive argument is that their parts appear arranged to serve a purpose, which is exactly how we detect design. Judge Jones focused only on the negative argument. He stated:. However, Professor Behe excludes, by definition, the possibility that a precursor to the bacterial flagellum functioned not as a rotary motor, but in some other way, for example as a secretory system. His first sentence is true — but the rest of what he says there is wrong. Even if a system is irreducibly complex and thus cannot have been produced directly , however, one can not definitively rule out the possibility of an indirect, circuitous route.
As the complexity of an interacting system increases, though, the likelihood of such an indirect route drops precipitously.
IC relates to the functionality of a collection of parts, not the function or possible functions of each individual part. Even if a separate function could be found for a sub-system or sub-part, that would not refute the irreducible complexity of the whole, nor would it demonstrate the evolvability of that entire system.
By irreducible complexity I mean a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning.
According to Darwin himself, Darwinian evolution requires that a system be functional along each small step of its evolution. Judges Jones is also wrong that the secretory system called the Type 3 Secretory System, or T3SS , could have served as a precursor to the flagellum.
Right…having a nano syringe and developing that into a rotary engine, you know, is a big leap. Evolutionary biology needs to do better than that. Indeed, other scientists outside of the ID movement have said that T3SS was not an evolutionary precursor to the flagellum:.
Their argument, in short, is that the T3SS is found in a small subset of gram-negative bacteria that have a symbiotic or parasitic association with eukaryotes. Since eukaryotes evolved over a billion years after bacteria, this suggests that the T3SS arose after eukaryotes. However, flagella are found across the range of bacteria, and the need for chemotaxis and motility i. In other words, given the narrow distribution of T3SS-bearing bacteria, and the very wide distribution of bacteria with flagella, phylogenetic analysis would suggest that the flagellum long predates T3SS rather than the reverse.
Scott Minnich provided direct evidence for this when he testified about genetic knockout experiments in his own lab at the University of Idaho:. Put that single gene back in we restore motility. Same thing over here. We put, knock out one part, put a good copy of the gene back in, and they can swim. By definition the system is irreducibly complex. Ken Miller, of course, testified the flagellum could evolve.
At most Judge Jones was presented with evidence of a scientific debate — not evidence that ID had been refuted. Thus, Judge Jones incorporated errors into his ruling and canonized scientifically false claims.
Professor Behe has applied the concept of irreducible complexity to only a few select systems: 1 the bacterial flagellum; 2 the blood-clotting cascade; and 3 the immune system. Miller presented evidence, based upon peer-reviewed studies, that they are not in fact irreducibly complex. The distinctions can be read in my Court testimony. In short, the Court uncritically accepts strawman arguments. Additionally and more recently, scientists published studies showing that in puffer fish, blood clots despite the cascade missing not only one, but three parts.
The relative importance of the two [initiation] pathways in living organisms is still rather murky. Many experiments on blood clotting are hard to do. And I go on to explain why they must be murky.
And then I continue on the next slide. And I noted that the components of the system beyond the fork in the pathway are fibrinogen, prothrombin, Stuart factor, and proaccelerin. If we could go to the next slide. Those components that I was focusing on are down here at the lower parts of the pathway. And I also circled here, for illustration, the extrinsic pathway.
It turns out that the pathway can be activated by either one of two directions. In the end, Judge John E. Dover Area School District. Note: Origins of life will not be taught. The theory is not a fact. Gaps in the theory exist for which there is no evidence.
Intelligent Design is an explanation of the origin of life that differs from Darwin's view. As is true with any theory, students are encouraged to keep an open mind. Intelligent design is a Trojan Horse for bringing religious creationism back into public school science classes.
He made this statement outside of court. He later took the stand when the judge agreed, after strenuous objections against full testimony by attorneys for the YDR and York Dispatch, to restrict his testimony to what was published.
To me, that was much more so [what] the voters voted out of office, than it was anything about intelligent design in and of itself. District Judge John E. Miller opposes Intelligent Design for a number of reasons. It is creationism masquerading as science, it fails utterly to achieve the explanatory power necessary to be considered a true scientific theory, and its proponents have a very specific political agenda.
Miller noted that the creationist wedge strategy aims to convince people that Darwinism is equal to atheism, and thus sway public opinion against the theory of evolution. The talk was well-received by the audience, Dr. A spirited question and answer session followed, with discussion on the ethical considerations of science, and Dr.
Student response was extremely positive. Miller] made was that opponents of evolution need to be engaged on the ground they care about… until you can convince them that religious faith is compatible with scientific explanations, you will make no progress. I liked that he spoke for both religion and science, and the fusion of the two. The teachers from Dover, who attended the lecture, were similarly impressed. My father is a minister… the things that [Dr. Miller] is presenting to scientists are exactly the same things my father is presenting in seminary.
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